![]() Gums (gingiva) is the tissue that covers the upper and lower jaw. ![]() It anchors the teeth within the jaw and also helps the tooth withstand the mechanical stresses involved in biting and chewing. The fibers are attached to the cementum that covers the root of the teeth, as well as the alveolar bone and the cervical gingivae. It is located between the tooth and the alveolar socket. Made from bundles of connective tissue fibers, the periodontal membrane or ligament is a connective tissue that is arranged in bundles of fibers. It comprises the gingiva, alveolar mucosa, cementum, periodontal ligament, and the alveolar bone (bone that forms the sockets for the teeth). The term ‘periodontium’ refers to the tissues that surround and anchor the teeth. ![]() If the pulp tissue gets damaged due to trauma or dental decay, pain and sensitivity signals are transmitted via the nerves in the pulp through the apical foramen, a small hole in the apex or the end of the root. The parts of the pulp that project upward toward the cusps or the lobes of the crown are referred to as pulp horns. Pulp chamber and canals reduce in size, as the secondary dentin forms. Root/pulp canals refer to the part of the pulp chamber present inside the root of the tooth. The blood vessels in the pulp chamber are responsible for supplying nutrients. The pulp, which is the soft core or center of the tooth, is a vital part of the human tooth as it provides nourishment to the tooth and repairs the dentin. The pulp chamber is located within the crown. Lying beneath the dentin is the pulp cavity that comprises the nerve tissues, cells that produce dentin, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and connective tissue that constitutes the pulp. It contains fibers that help to anchor the tooth within the bone. It doesn’t have a blood supply and has the highest fluoride content. It is not as hard as enamel or dentin, but it is harder than bone. While the former coats the entire length of the root, only the latter continues to form around the apex or apical half of the tooth root after the tooth has erupted completely. It is divided into primary and secondary cementum. It is classified into primary dentin (which forms during the eruption of a tooth), secondary dentin (which forms inside the primary dentin), and tertiary dentin (which forms in the event of trauma in case of erosion of the enamel or dental decay due to cavities).Ĭementum is a thin calcified covering of the root of the tooth. In case of the root, dentin lies under the cementum. It is harder than bones, but softer than the enamel. It is dentin that is responsible for the color of the teeth. The enamel protects dentin, which is a hard calcified connective tissue that makes up most of a tooth. However, the process of remineralization can take place, if proper care is taken. If teeth are not cared for, then enamel can get damaged. Therefore, it doesn’t have to ability to grow or repair itself. Though enamel is very tough and protects the teeth from chemical reactions or force exerted on the surface of the tooth while chewing, biting, crunching, and grinding, it doesn’t contain living cells. The enamel is the hardest tissue in the body that protects the teeth from temperature changes or stress/pressure during mastication. Hydroxyapatite, which is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite, provides rigidity to the teeth. The crown or the visible part of teeth is covered by enamel, which is a grayish-white/translucent tough mineralized tissue that is formed by ameloblasts.
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